The Psychosocial Context of Bipolar Disorder

Bopomofo Chinese Phonetic System

Bopomofo Chinese Phonetic System Chinese characters can be a major stumbling block for students of Mandarin. There are thousands of characters and the only way to learn their meaning and pronunciation is by rote. Fortunately, there are phonetic systems that aid in the study of Chinese characters. The phonetics are used in textbooks and dictionaries so that students can begin associating sounds and meanings with specific characters. Pinyin The most common phonetic system is Pinyin. It is used to teach Mainland Chinese school children, and it is also widely used by foreigners learning Mandarin as a second language. Pinyin is a Romanization system. It uses the Roman alphabet to represent the sounds of spoken Mandarin. The familiar letters make Pinyin look easy. However, many of the Pinyin pronunciations are quite different from the English alphabet. For example, the Pinyin c is pronounced with a ts sound. Bopomofo Pinyin is certainly not the only phonetic system for Mandarin. There are other Romanization systems, and then there is Zhuyin Fuhao, otherwise known as Bopomofo. Zhuyin Fuhao uses symbols which are based on Chinese characters to represent the sounds of spoken Mandarin. These are the same sounds which are represented by Pinyin, and in fact there is a one-to-one correspondence between Pinyin and Zhuyin Fuhao. The first four symbols of Zhuyin Fuhao are bo po mo fo (pronounced buh puh muh fuh), which gives the common name Bopomofo – sometimes shortened to bopomo. Bopomofo is used in Taiwan to teach school children, and it is also a popular input method for writing Chinese characters on computers and handheld devices such as cell phones. Children’s books and teaching materials in Taiwan almost always have Bopomofo symbols printed next to the Chinese characters. It is also used in dictionaries. Advantages of Bopomofo Bopomofo symbols are based on Chinese characters, and in some cases they are identical. Learning Bopomofo, therefore, gives Mandarin students a head start to reading and writing Chinese. Sometimes students who start learning Mandarin Chinese with Pinyin become too dependent on it, and once characters are introduced they are at a loss.   Another important advantage to Bopomofo is its status as an independent phonetic system. Unlike Pinyin or other Romanization systems, Bopomofo symbols cannot be confused with other pronunciations. The main disadvantage to Romanization is that students often have preconceived ideas about the pronunciation of the Roman alphabet. For example, the Pinyin letter â€Å"q† has a â€Å"ch† sound, and it can take some effort to make this association. On the other hand, the Bopomofo symbol ã„‘ is not associated with any other sound than its Mandarin pronunciation. Computer Input Computer keyboards with Zhuyin Fuhao symbols are available. This makes it fast and efficient to input Chinese characters using a Chinese Character IME (Input Method Editor) like the one included with Windows XP. The Bopomofo input method can be used with or without tone marks. Characters are input by spelling the sound, followed by either the tone mark or the space bar. A list of candidate characters appears. Once a character is selected from this list, another list of commonly used characters may pop up. Only In Taiwan Zhuyin Fuhao was developed in the early 20th century. In the 1950s, Mainland China switched over to Pinyin as its official phonetic system, although some dictionaries from the Mainland still include Zhuyin Fuhao symbols. Taiwan continues to use Bopomofo for teaching school children. Taiwanese teaching material aimed at foreigners usually uses Pinyin, but there are a few publications for adults which use Bopomofo. Zhuyin Fuhao is also used for some of Taiwans Aboriginal languages. Bopomofo and Pinyin Comparison Table Zhuyin Pinyin b p m f d t n l g k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s a o e ai ei ao ou an en ang eng er i u u

Reducing Risk in Patient Falls through Scheduled Rounds Research Paper

Reducing Risk in Patient Falls through Scheduled Rounds - Research Paper Example 1. What three database(s) in the CCN library best address your research question (CINAHL, Cochrane, Medline, ERIC, (others; i.e. what subject heading would you use to perform your search)? The best databases that address the current research questions are Medline and CINAHL. The best subject option to use in undertaking the search would be â€Å"reducing risk in patient falls through scheduled rounds†. 2. How can you focus or expand the search if initial search results are not satisfactory? The search will be focused or expanded to include variables such as patients in acute care and rapid response of nurses to call lights. 3. Describe ways you might refine your general search to reduce the number of results from your search. Can you use the EBSCO subject headings? What about the advanced search option using Boolean limiters such as AND. Once you have a reasonable number of relevant search results (10-30) what final limiters will, you set to reduce the search results further ( i.e., English language limiter, age limiters, publication year limiters, peer-reviewedjournallimiter, and/or human subject limiter)? Two most outstanding search reduction models that shall be employed are the publication year limiter and peer reviewed journal limiter. This is because as far as the issue of risk involved in patient falls are concerned, new researches are conducted by the day that tend to disprove existing facts. For this reason, it is always important to deal with the most current researches. Moreover, peer reviewed journals are more justifiable and valid in the face of undertaking academic research of this nature. Literature Review Portion of the Worksheet Your Name: Date: Your Instructor’s Name: Purpose: To find evidence to support an intervention that will change the outcomes. Directions: Type your search question below. Find AT LEAST SIX (6) studies to support the need for change and the potential intervention you have selected to solve the problem. Using the table below, insert and describe your six chosen research articles. Search Question: Reducing risk in patient falls through scheduled rounds APA Reference for Article Give the APA-formatted reference for the article. Check your APA manual (Chapter 7) for correct reference format. Built in APA formats and library citations may not be in the correct format. Peer Reviewed Identify whether it is peer reviewed or not Brief Description of Research Address the question regarding how does the information in the article apply to the project problem or proposed intervention. Summarize in your own words. Type of Research Indicate if the article describes qualitative research, quantitative research, a systematic review, a meta-analysis, or expert opinion. Discuss why this type of research is significant to the project. Study Outcomes/ Recommendations Describe if the study sample is large and global enough so that conclusions can be generalized to other populations. Can you take the study re commendations and use them as a guide? Is there a research tool you can use? 1 Bursell A. L, Ketelsen L. and